Sources for parts 1 and 2:
Primary sources (original texts) are highlighted in olive green. For more online primary sources, the Wellcome Collection and the Internet Archive are invaluable, both with their own search engines.
As usual website address for open source primary and secondary sources are shown where available.
Books and papers
Alleged Lunatics’ Friend Society 1851. Report of the Alleged Lunatics’ Friend Society.
The Society, 1851.
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/yn2yyten
Anderson, Olive 1987. Suicide in Victorian and Edwardian England. Clarendon Press
Andrews, Emily Stella 2017. Institutionalising senile dementia in 19th-century
Britain. Sociology of Health & Illness, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2017 p. 244–257
Andrews, Jonathan and Andrew Scull 2003. Customers and Patrons of the Mad-Trade. The Management of Lunacy in Eighteenth-Century London. University of California Press
Anon (“The late medical superintendent of an asylum for the insane”) 1850. Familiar views of lunacy and lunatic life : with hints on the personal care and management of those who are afflicted with temporary or permanent derangement. John W. Parker
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b21051458
Anon (“A Sane Patient”) 1879. My Experiences in a Lunatic Asylum. Chatto and Windus, Piccadilly
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b21071561
Asokan, T.V. 2007. Daniel McNaughton (1813-1865). Indian Journal of Psychiatry. July 49(3) 2007, p.223-4.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2902100/
The Audit Commission 1986. Making a Reality of Community Care. Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales.
https://archive.org/details/makingrealityofc0000audi
Barham, Peter 2020 (2nd edition). Closing the Asylum. The Mental Patient in Modern Society. Process Press.
Barrow, J.S., J.D. Herson, A.H. Lawes, P.J. Riden, M.V.J. Seaborne 2005. A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 Part 2, the City of Chester: Culture, Buildings, Institutions, In (eds.) A.T. Thacker, C. P. Lewis
British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt2
Local government and public services: Medical services
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt2/pp49-58
Local government and public services: Charities for the poor
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt2/pp58-70#h3-s2
Local government and public services: Boundaries
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt2/pp9-15
Local government and public services: Law and order – Municipal Prisons
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt2/pp28-35#h3-s4
Bartlett, Peter 1993. The Poor Law of Lunacy. The Administration of Pauper Lunatics in Mid-Nineteenth Century England with special Emphasis on Leicestershire and Rutland. Unpublished PhD thesis.
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1317954/1/307853.pdf
Bartlett, Peter 1998. The Asylum, the Workhouse, and the Voice of the Insane Poor in 19th-Century. England International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, February 1998
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13418373
Bartlett, Peter 1999. The Poor Law of Lunacy. The Administration of Pauper Lunatics in Mid-Nineteenth Century England. Leicester University Press
Bly, Nellie 1887. Ten Days in a Mad-House; Or Feigning Insanity in order to Reveal Asylum Horrors. They Trying Ordeal of the New York World’s Girl Correspondent. Norman L. Munro
https://archive.org/details/3304680.med.yale.edu
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQnJoyKhhV0
British Medical Association 1873. Lunatic Asylums. August 2nd 1873, p.120
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25235173?seq=1
British Medical Association 1879. Typhoid Fever at Chester County Lunatic Asylum. November 8th 1879, p.742
Brown, Micheal 2006. Rethinking Early Nineteenth Century Asylum Reform. The Historical Journal, vol.49, No.2, June 2006, p.425-452
Browne, W.A.F. 1837. What Asylums Were, Are and Ought to be. Adam and Charles Black
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/uhxafb88
Brundge, Anthony, 2002. The English Poor Laws 1700-1930. Palgrave
Burton, Robert 1621. The Anatomy of Melancholy.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10800/10800-h/10800-h.htm
Chase, Rev. H. 1868. Two years and four months in a lunatic asylum, from August 20th, 1863, to
December 20th, 1865 Saratoga Springs: Van Benthuysen & Son’s Steam Printing House
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b21046013
Commissioners of Lunacy 1862. The Sixteenth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor 1861. HMSO
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b32217602
Commissioners of Lunacy 1863. The Seventeenth Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor 1862. HMSO
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b32217614
Commissioners of Lunacy 1867. The Twenty-First Report of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor 1866. HMSO
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b3221764x
Committee Appointed to Consider of Provision Being Made for the Better Regulation of Madhouses in England, Parliament, House of Commons 1815-16. First report from the Committee on the State of Madhouses. London
Summary of findings, 17 pages
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b21291792
Full report, 421 pages
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b21447846
Committee on the State of Madhouses 1815. First report from the Committee on the State of Madhouses
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b21291792
Committee of Visitors and Superintendent of Cheshire Lunatic Asylum 1856. Report of the Committee of Visitors and Superintendent of Cheshire Lunatic Asylum 1856 for the year 1855.
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/n7h6etmw
Committee of Visitors and Superintendent of Cheshire Lunatic Asylum 1861. Report of the Committee of Visitors and Superintendent of Cheshire Lunatic Asylum 1861 for the year 1860
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/jt2sq64q/items
Conolly, John
1830. An inquiry concerning the indications of insanity: with suggestions of the
better protection and care of the insane. John Taylor
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/ajkcrarb
1847. The Construction and Government of Lunatic Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane. John Churchill
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/qdxx4ygn
1849 (3rd edition). A remonstrance with the Lord Chief Baron touching the case Nottidge versus Ripley. John Churchill
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b21029039
1856. The treatment of the insane without mechanical restraints. Smith, Elder & Co.
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/tqhdd7kg#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=6&z=-1.2123%2C-0.0866%2C3.4245%2C1.7327
Davey, Elizabeth 2018. Landscape Designs for ‘Gentlemen of Wealth’. Garden History, Autumn 2018, vol.46, supplement 1: Edward Kemp (1817-91): Landscape Gardener: The Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Floral Pavilion, New Brighton, Wirral, 18 October 2017, p.118-135
Davidson, John H. 1875. A Visit to a Turkish Lunatic Asylum.
Internet Archive at: https://dn790005.ca.archive.org/0/items/39002086345254.med.yale.edu/39002086345254.med.yale.edu.pdf
Wellcome Institute at https://wellcomecollection.org/works/n7xnsgrb/items?canvas=4
Defoe, Daniel 1728. Augusta Triumphans – Or, The Way To Make London The Most Flourishing City In The Universe.
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32405
Digby, Anne 1982. The Poor Law in Nineteenth-Century England. Chameleon Press
Digby, Anne 1986. From York Lunatic Asylum to Bootham Park Hospital. Borthwick Publications, University of York
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xv-SsPa3GssC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Edward-Hogan, R. and Kitti Kairboriboon 2003. The “Dreamy State”: John Hughlings-Jackson’s Ideas of Epilepsy and Consciousness. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 10, October 2003
Ellis, William Charles 1838. A treatise on the nature, symptoms, causes, and treatment of insanity: with practical observations on lunatic asylums and a description of the Pauper Lunatic Asylum for the county of Middlesex, at Hanwell. Holdsworth.
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/vmmq4wv8
Foucault, Michel 1961, 2001 translation, 2nd edition. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Routledge Classics
Handley, Michael D. 2007. Poor Law Administration in the Chester Local Act incorporation, 1834-71. Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire vol.156, p.170-192
Hargreaves, C. 1982. Social areas within the walls of Chester, 1861. Journal of the Chester Archaeological Society 65, Vol.65, p.67-75
Hartnell, Jack 2018. Medieval Bodies: Life, Death and Art in the Middle Ages. Wellcome Collection
Harvie, Christopher and H.C.G. Matthew 1984, 2000. Nineteenth Century Britain. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press
Hemingway, Joseph 1831. History of the City of Chester, From its foundation to the present time, Vol. 1.
Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/historycityches01hemigoog
Hemingway, Joseph 1831. History of the City of Chester, From its foundation to the present time, Vol. 2., p.226-229
Internet Archive https://dn790003.ca.archive.org/0/items/historycityches00hemigoog/historycityches00hemigoog.pdf
Some of it is also available on Google Books at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KBpIAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Herson, John 1996. Victorian Chester: A City of Change and Ambiguity. In (ed.) Swift, Robert. Victorian Chester: Essays in Social History 1830-1900. Liverpool Historical Studies, Liverpool University Press, p.13-52
Hervey, Nicholas. 1986. Advocacy or Folly: The Alleged Lunatics’ Friends Society, 1845-63. Medical History. 30 (3), p.246
Hill, Robert Gardiner 1838. Total abolition of personal restraint in the treatment of the insane. A lecture on the management of lunatic asylums and the treatment of the insane. Delivered at the Mechanics’ Institution, Lincoln, on the 21st of June, 1838 : with statistical tables, illustrative of the complete practicability of the system advocated in the lecture.
https://archive.org/details/b21292036/page/n3/mode/2up
Hill, Simon A. and Richard Laugharne 2003. Mania, dementia and melancholia in the 1870s: admissions to a Cornwall asylum. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Vol.96, Iss. 7, p.361–363
Jansson, Åsa, 2021. From Melancholia to Depression and Discarded Mood in Nineteenth Century Psychiatry. Palgrave Macmillan
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-54802-5_6
Jay, Mike 2016. This Way Lies Madness: The Asylum and Beyond. Thames and Hudson and The Wellcome Collection
Lewis, C.P. and A.T. Thacker (eds.) 2003. A History of the County of Chester: Volume 5 Part 1, the City of Chester: General History and Topography
British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt1
Local Government and Public Services: Medical Services: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt2/pp49-58
Late Georgian and Victorian Chester 1762-1914: The economy, 1762-1840, the demise of old Chester
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt1/pp172-177
Late Georgian and Victorian Chester 1762-1914: The economy, 1841-70, reorientation and boom
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt1/pp177-185
Late Georgian and Victorian Chester 1762-1914: The economy, 1871-1914, the limits of reorientation
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt1/pp185-199
Late Georgian and Victorian Chester 1762-1914: Social character
https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/ches/vol5/pt1/pp199-201
Lowe, Louisa 1883. The Bastilles of England, or The Lunacy Laws at Work. Vol.1. Crookenden and Co.
https://ia600206.us.archive.org/14/items/bastillesenglan00lowegoog/bastillesenglan00lowegoog.pdf
Lytton-Bulmer, Rosina 1880. A Blighted Life. A True Story. London Publishing Office
Mason, David J.P. 2007 (second edition). Roman Chester. City of the Eagles. Tempus
McCandless, Peter 1979. “Build! Build!” the controversy over the Care of the Chronically Insane in England, 1855-1870. Bulletin of the History of medicine, Winter 1979, vol.53, no.4, p.553-574
Malcolm, James Peller 1808. Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century; Including the Charities, Depravities, Dresses, and Amusements etc. Longman, Hirst, Rees, and Orme.
https://ia803405.us.archive.org/33/items/b22015097/b22015097.pdf
Martineau, Harriet 1834. The Hanwell Lunatic Asylum. The Mirror of literature, amusement, and instruction, Nov. 1822-June 1847; London Vol. 23, Iss. 666, (Jun 14, 1834), p.395-397.
Medico-Psychological Association 1884. Handbook for the instruction of attendants on the insane / prepared by a Sub-committee of the Medico-Psychological Association appointed at a branch meeting held in Glasgow on the 21st February, 1884. Bailliere, Tindall and Cox
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/run2bgrk
Mellett, D.J. 1981. Bureaucracy and Mental illness: The Commissioners in Lunacy 1845-1890. Medical History, 1981, 25, p.221-250
Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy 1844. Report of the Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor: presented to both houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/vvkx9s7v
Miller, Edgar 2007. Variations in the official prevalence and disposal of the insane in England under the poor law, 1850-1900. History of Psychiatry 2007, 18 (1), p.25-38
Mitford, John 1825. A Description of the Crimes and Horrors in the Interior of Warburton’s Private Mad-House at Hoxton. Benbow
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/wqys8a2p
Perceval, John T. 1840. A Narrative of the Treatment Experienced by a Gentleman, during a State of Mental Derangement. Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange
https://ia801309.us.archive.org/30/items/anarrativetreat00percgoog/anarrativetreat00percgoog.pdf
Perry, Jaqueline 1996. Cholera and Public Health reform in Early Victorian Chester. In (ed.) Swift, Robert, Victorian Chester: Essays in Social History 1830-1900. Liverpool Historical Studies, Liverpool University Press, p.119-148
Ossa-Richardson, Anthony 2013. Possession or Insanity? Two Views from the Victorian Lunatic Asylum. Journal of the History of Ideas. October 2013. Vol.74, No.4, p.553-575
Richardson, Harriet (ed.) 1998. English Hospitals 1660-1948. Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England
Pevsner, Nikolaus and Edward Hubbard 1971. The Buildings of England: Cheshire. Penguin
Ritch, Alistair 2023. Workhouse or Asylum? Accommodating pauper lunatics in nineteenth -century England. Medical History 67, 2, p.109-127
Rutherford, Sarah 2008. The Victorian Asylum. Shire Library
Scull, Andrew
1979. 1984. A Brilliant Career? John Conolly and Victorian Society. Victorian Studies, Winter 1984, Vol.27, no.2, p.203-235
1984. Review: The Theory and Practice of Civil Commitment. Reviewed Work: The Court of Last Resort: Mental Illness and the Law Carol A. B. Warren. Michigan Law Review, Vol. 82, No. 4, Survey of Books Relating to the Law (Feb.1984), p.793-809
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1288676
2011. Madness. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press
Series, Lucy 2022. Deprivation of Liberty in the Shadows of the Institution. Bristol University Press
Smith, Leonard 2008. A gentleman’s mad-doctor in Georgian England: Edward Long Fox and
Brislington House. History of Psychiatry, 19(2), p.163–184
https://hal.science/hal-00570907/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0957154X07081136.pdf
Swain, Kelley 2018. ‘Extraordinarily arduous and fraught with danger’: syphilis, Salvarsan, and general paresis of the insane. The Lancet, vol.
Swift, Robert 1996. Victorian Chester: Essays in Social History 1830-1900. Liverpool Historical Studies, Liverpool University Press
Swift, Robert 1996. Introduction. In (ed.) Swift, Robert, Victorian Chester: Essays in Social History 1830-1900. Liverpool Historical Studies, Liverpool University Press, p.1-12
Swift, Robert 1996. Appendix: Victorian Chester: Brief Chronology. Swift, Robert (ed.). Victorian Chester: Essays in Social History 1830-1900. Liverpool Historical Studies, Liverpool University Press, p.231-234
Waddington, Keir 2004, 2007. Chapter Twenty-Five. Health and Medicine. In Chris Williams (ed.) A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain. Blackwell Publishing, p.412-429
Wise, Sarah 2012. Inconvenient People. Lunacy, Liberty and the Mad-Doctors in Victorian England. The Bodley Head
Wood, Peter 1991. Poverty and the Workhouse in Victorian Britain. Alan Sutton Publishing
Wright, David 1998. The certification of insanity in nineteenth-century England and Wales. History of Psychiatry Vol.9, Iss.35, p.267-90
Wynter, Andrew 1870. Non-restraint in the treatment of the insane. Edinburgh Review, vol.131.
https://archive.org/details/borderlandsofins00wyntrich/page/n3/mode/2up
Websites:
The Activist History Review
Treating Mental Illness in Victorian Britain. By Jade Shepherd May 19th 2017
https://activisthistory.com/2017/05/19/treating-mental-illness-in-victorian-britain/
Asylum Libraries by Laura Blair
Home
https://www.asylumlibraries.co.uk/
About the project
https://www.asylumlibraries.co.uk/about
The Audit Commission 1986
Making a Reality of Community Care, Audit Commission for Local Authorities in England and Wales, 1986
https://archive.org/details/makingrealityofc0000audi or
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/wqys8a2p
BBC News
£107m plan for arson-hit Victorian asylum. By Georgia Ferda, 17th August 2024
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c89wg8pev9do
Lobotomy: The brain op described as ‘easier than curing a toothache. By Claire Prentice, 30th January 2021
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-55854145
BBC History
British Medicine – From Fluke to Theory. By Bruce Robinson 17th February 2011
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_medicine_01.shtml
BBC Radio 4
Shadow World: The Willpower Detectives by Sue Mitchell. Episode 2: A Trust Betrayed (Released On 10 Dec 2024 and available for over a year)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m0025vhf
The Borthwick Institute
The York Lunatic Asylum Scandal. By Alexandra Medcalf, Archives Assistant, 10th October 2014
http://borthwickinstitute.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-york-lunatic-asylum-scandal.html
The British Psychological Society
Looking back: This fascinating and fatal disease. By Jennifer Wallis, 03 October 2012
https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2215-0366%2818%2930221-9
Cheshire Archives and Local Records (offices closed until 2026)
Asylum Patient Records
https://www.cheshirearchives.org.uk/Asylum-patient-records.aspx
Z HW – Countess of Chester Hospital – 1825-2001
http://catalogue.cheshirearchives.org.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=Z%20HW
Z HW – Countess of Chester Hospital – 1825-2001 Collection Browser
http://catalogue.cheshirearchives.org.uk/CalmView/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=Z+HW
NHM 8 – Parkside Lunatic Asylum, later Mental Asylum
http://catalogue.cheshirearchives.org.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=NHM+8
ChesterWiki
Asylum
https://chester.shoutwiki.com/wiki/Asylum
Infirmary
https://chester.shoutwiki.com/wiki/Infirmary
St John’s Hospital (Bluecoat School)
https://chester.shoutwiki.com/wiki/St_John%27s_Hospital
Workhouse
https://chester.shoutwiki.com/wiki/Workhouse
County Asylums
Deva
https://www.countyasylums.co.uk/deva/
Click on the External Images tab for photographs of various Cheshire Lunatic Asylum buildings
Denbighshire County Council
Former North Wales Hospital, Denbigh 1844-1848
https://www.denbighshire.gov.uk/en/planning-and-building-regulations/former-north-wales-hospital.aspx
More photographs on the Peoples Collection Wales at
https://www.peoplescollection.wales/collections/378070
English Heritage
Dr John Conolly and the former Hanwell Asylum
https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/john-conolly-and-hanwell-asylum/
Find A Grave
Overleigh Virtual Cemetery – Asylum. Compiled by Christine Kemp, Friends of Overleigh Cemetery
https://www.findagrave.com/virtual-cemetery/582792
Overleigh Virtual Cemetery – Suicide. Compiled by Christine Kemp, Friends of Overleigh Cemetery
https://www.findagrave.com/virtual-cemetery/826592?page=1#sr-195866501
The Gazette. Official Public Record
Hall of fame: Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury
https://www.thegazette.co.uk/all-notices/content/100086
The Guardian
Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon. By Martin Rowson, 21st March 2015
https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/mar/21/satire-sewers-and-statesmen-james-gillray-king-of-cartoon
Hektoen International. A Journal of Medical. A journal of Medical Humanities
The York Retreat. By Beninio McDonough-Tranza, Winter 2018
https://hekint.org/2018/03/29/the-york-retreat/
Heritage Gateway
Countess of Chester Hospital (although almost no information provided)
https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MCH25322&resourceID=1004
Leavesden Hospital
https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=9b3132a8-74c0-4735-9902-b62c97aaf0b4&resourceID=19191
Liverpool Lunatic Asylum
https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=277f1253-fd67-4e00-b37f-e983c8b0298a&resourceID=19191
Priory And Hospital Of St Mary Of Bethlehem
https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=e211f2b9-e61d-488c-a9ae-89c084793d5f&resourceID=19191
St Bernards Hospital West London Mental Health Trust
https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=e49ee3fd-d6e0-4e68-83f9-07af2fb6a64d&resourceID=19191
Historic England
Disability History Glossary
https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/disability-history/about-the-project/glossary
Disability in the Nineteenth Century
https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/disability-history/1832-1914/
Disability in Time and Space. By Simon Jarrett 2012
https://historicengland.org.uk/content/docs/research/disability-in-time-and-place-pdf/
The Changing Face
https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/disability-history/1832-1914/the-changing-face-of-the-workhouse/
The Growth of the Asylum – A Parallel World
https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/disability-history/1832-1914/the-growth-of-the-asylum/
The Age of the Madhouse – Home of the Well-Attired Ploughman
https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/disability-history/1660-1832/the-age-of-the-madhouse/
Historic Hospitals
Cheshire
https://historic-hospitals.com/english-hospitals-rchme-survey/cheshire/
History of Upton by Chester
By Historical Archives of the Upton Asylum latterly the West Cheshire hospital and then the Countess
http://www.historyofuptonbychester.org.uk/asylum.html
The County Mental Hospital. By the Women’s Institute 1951
http://www.historyofuptonbychester.org.uk/wihospital.htm
Map showing stages of development from 1839
http://www.historyofuptonbychester.org.uk/wimap3.html
IMDB
Mental Hospitals and Asylums (in film). By Cayetana
https://www.imdb.com/list/ls054233425/
INHH (International Network for the History of Hospitals)
‘Relieving gloomy and objectless lives’. Workhouse reform and the design of Caterham Imbecile Asylum. By Stef Eastoe
https://inhh.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/inhh-poster-final-final-new-s-eastoe.pdf
The Lancet Office
The Lancet Sanitary Commission for investigating the state of infirmaries
of workhouses : reports of the Commissioners on Metropolitan Infirmaries.
https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/pdf/b22312274
Mental Health Law Online
Dave Sheppard Associates: History
https://www.mentalhealthlaw.co.uk/DSA:History
The National Archives
Places of deposit for Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/manage-information/places-of-deposit/transferring-body.php?id=77
How to look for records of… Asylums, psychiatric hospitals and mental health
https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/mental-health/
1834 Poor Law. What did people think of the new Poor Law?
https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/education/poor-law.pdf
The Paris Review
Madness and Meaning. By Andrew Scull, April 22nd 2015
https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2015/04/22/madness-and-meaning/
People’s Collection Wales
Denbigh’s North Wales Counties Lunatic Asylum
https://www.peoplescollection.wales/discover/query/denbigh%20asylum
Prison History
Why Are There So Many Bridewells?
https://www.prisonhistory.org/2021/09/why-are-there-so-many-bridewells/
Project Gutenberg
Poems by George Crabbe in Three Volumes, edited by Adolphus William Ward, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press 1905.
http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/4/6/8/5/46858/46858-h/46858-h.htm
Riverside Museum, University of Chester
NHS Museum Archives. WCH1 – County Lunatic Asylum. WCH1/1 – Reports
http://hdl.handle.net/10034/552272
Royal College of Nursing – Out of the Asylum
The History of Mental Health Nursing
https://www.rcn.org.uk/library-exhibitions/Out-of-the-asylum-The-history-of-mental-health-nursing
Royal College of Psychiatrists Blogs
Pauper lunatics were not paupers By Clair Hilton, Honorary Archivist, 23 February, 2022
https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/news-and-features/blogs/detail/history-archives-and-library-blog/2022/02/23/pauper-lunatics
Science Museum
Mental Health
https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/mental-health
What was life really like in Victorian mental asylums? The story of Hanwell Mental Asylum reveals that they were kinder places than we might think.
https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/victorian-mental-asylum
From Nerves to Neuroses
https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/nerves-neuroses
‘Heroic Therapies’ in Psychiatry
https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/heroic-therapies-psychiatry
Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy: 400 years later
https://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/blogs/burtons-anatomy-melancholy-400-years-later/
The Socialist Health Association
England’s First State “Imbecile Asylums”
https://sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/hospitals/englands-first-state-imbecile-asylums/
Staffordshire’s Asylums – A Case for the Ordinary – Asylum records in an English County
https://staffordshireasylumrecords.wordpress.com/
Studymore
Notes on Asylum Architecture
http://studymore.org.uk/asyarc.htm
The Metropolitan Commission in Lunacy
http://studymore.org.uk/3.htm
The 1844 Report of the Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy
http://studymore.org.uk/4_09.htm
Taber’s Medical Dictionary Online
https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/
The Time Chamber
Asylum Architecture
https://www.thetimechamber.co.uk/beta/sites/asylums/asylum-history/asylum-architecture
Visit Heritage
Asylums and Mental Health Care in Britain
https://www.visitheritage.co.uk/inspiration/visit-heritage-blog/read/2023/07/horrific-history-asylums-and-mental-health-care-in-britain-b338
Wales Online
Inside the abandoned Welsh asylum with a dark history and an uncertain future
Its history includes controversial treatments and its future is uncertain. By Joanne Ridout, 8th November 2020
https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/welsh-homes/inside-abandoned-welsh-asylum-dark-1922102
Wellcome Collection
Drugs in Victorian Britain
https://wellcomecollection.org/stories/drugs-in-victorian-britain
Reports of the Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor
https://wellcomecollection.org/search/works?query=Report+of+the+Metropolitan+Commissioners+in+Lunacy+to+the+Lord+Chancellor
Report of the Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy to the Lord Chancellor
Reports of the Committee of Visitors and Superintendent of Cheshire Lunatic Asylum [1855, 1857-1870]
https://wellcomecollection.org/search/works?query=Cheshire+County+Lunatic+Asylum
The Workhouse . . . The story of an Institution
Introduction
https://www.workhouses.org.uk/intro/
Chester, Cheshire
https://www.workhouses.org.uk/Chester/
Long-term Workhouse Inmates in Chester Union, Cheshire, 1861
https://www.workhouses.org.uk/Chester/ChesterLT.shtml
The Old Poor Law
https://www.workhouses.org.uk/poorlaws/oldpoorlaw.shtml
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Based in Churton 